詳細(xì)解讀工控行業(yè)三大常用執(zhí)行器

Detailed interpretation of the industrial control industry three common actuators

中英合資天蝶閥門帶大家來(lái)認(rèn)識(shí)一下，工控行業(yè)中，三款常用的執(zhí)行器。并詳細(xì)解讀他們之間有何不同。今后我們?cè)诠I(yè)控制系統(tǒng)中，該如何選擇執(zhí)行器，便會(huì)一目了然。

In the industrial control industry, the three most commonly used actuator.And explain in detail how they differ.
In the future, it will be clear how to select the actuator in the industrial control system.

執(zhí)行器是接受調(diào)節(jié)器輸出信號(hào)對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)對(duì)象施加作用的裝置。通常用在驅(qū)動(dòng)閥門等機(jī)械設(shè)備中。根據(jù)執(zhí)行器使用的控制介質(zhì)不同，可以分為：氣動(dòng)、液動(dòng)和電動(dòng)執(zhí)行器三種。按輸出位移的形式，執(zhí)行器有轉(zhuǎn)角型和直線型兩種。按動(dòng)作規(guī)律，執(zhí)行器可分為開(kāi)關(guān)型、積分型和比例型三類。按輸入控制型號(hào)，執(zhí)行器分為可以輸入空氣壓力信號(hào)、直流電流信號(hào)、電接點(diǎn)通斷信號(hào)、脈沖信號(hào)等幾類。
The actuator is the device that accepts the output signal of the regulator to adjust the object.It is usually used in driving valves and other mechanical equipment.According to the different control medium used by actuators, it can be divided into three kinds: pneumatic, electric and hydraulic actuators.According to the form of output displacement, there are two types of actuators: rotary and linear.According to the law of motion, actuators can be divided into switch type, integral type and proportional type.According to the input control model, the actuator is divided into input air pressure signal, DC current signal, electrical contact on-off signal, pulse signal and other types.

三種執(zhí)行器的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)
The advantages and disadvantages of the three actuators

1.液動(dòng)執(zhí)行器
1.Hydraulic actuator

液動(dòng)執(zhí)行器是以液壓油為動(dòng)力源來(lái)完成預(yù)定運(yùn)動(dòng)要求和實(shí)現(xiàn)各種機(jī)構(gòu)功能的機(jī)構(gòu)。
Hydraulic actuator is a mechanism that uses hydraulic oil as a power source to fulfill predetermined motion requirements and realize various functions of institutions.

優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
The advantages:
（1）在輸出同等功率的條件下，機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，體積小、重量輕、慣性小。
 (1) under the condition of equal output power, the mechanism has compact structure, small volume, light weight and small inertia.
（2）工作平穩(wěn)，沖擊、振動(dòng)和噪音都較小，易于實(shí)現(xiàn)頻繁的啟動(dòng)、換向，能夠完成旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)和各種往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。
(2) The work is stable, the impact, vibration and noise are small, and it is easy to realize frequent start-up and reversal, and it can complete rotary motion and various reciprocating motions.
（3）操縱簡(jiǎn)單、調(diào)速方便，并能在大的范圍內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速，調(diào)速比可達(dá)5000。
(3) The operation is simple, the speed is convenient, and stepless speed regulation can be realized in a large range, and the speed ratio can reach 5000.
（4）可實(shí)現(xiàn)低速大力矩傳動(dòng)，無(wú)需減速裝置。
(4) It can realize low-speed and high-moment transmission without deceleration device.
缺點(diǎn)：
The disadvantages:
（1）油液的粘性受溫度變化的影響大，不宜用于低溫和高溫環(huán)境中。
 (1) The viscosity of oil is greatly affected by temperature changes and should not be used in low temperature and high temperature environments.
（2）液壓組件的加工和配合要求精度高，加工工藝?yán)щy，成本高。
(2) The hydraulic components require high precision in processing and fitting, and the processing technology is difficult and the cost is high.

2.氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器
2.Pneumatic actuator

優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
The advantages:
(1)以空氣為工作介質(zhì)，工作介質(zhì)獲得比較容易，用后的空氣排到大氣中，處理方便，與液壓傳動(dòng)相比不必設(shè)置回收的油箱和管道。
(1)Using air as the working medium, the working medium is relatively easy to obtain, the used air is discharged into the atmosphere, and the handling is convenient. Compared with the hydraulic transmission, it is not necessary to set the recovered oil tank and pipeline.
(2)因空氣的粘度很小（約為液壓油動(dòng)力粘度的萬(wàn)分之一），其損失也很小，所以便于集中供氣、遠(yuǎn)距離輸送。外泄漏不會(huì)像液壓傳動(dòng)那樣嚴(yán)重污染環(huán)境。
(2)Because the viscosity of the air is very small (about 1/10000 of the dynamic viscosity of the hydraulic oil), its loss is also very small, so it is convenient for centralized gas supply and long-distance transportation. Leakage will not seriously pollute the environment like hydraulic transmission.
(3)與液壓傳動(dòng)相比，氣壓傳動(dòng)動(dòng)作迅速、反應(yīng)快、維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)單、工作介質(zhì)清潔，不存在介質(zhì)變質(zhì)等問(wèn)題。
(3)Compared with the hydraulic transmission, the pneumatic transmission has the advantages of rapid action, quick response, simple maintenance, clean working media, and no deterioration of medium.
(4)工作環(huán)境適應(yīng)性好，特別在易燃、易爆、多塵埃、強(qiáng)磁、輻射、振動(dòng)等惡劣工作環(huán)境中，比液壓、電子、電氣控制*。
(4)The adaptability of the working environment is good, especially in the bad working environment, such as flammable, explosive, multi dust, strong magnetic, radiation, vibration and so on, which is superior to the control of hydraulic, electronic and electrical control.
(5)成本低，過(guò)載能自動(dòng)保護(hù)。
(5)The cost is low and the overload can be automatically protected.
缺點(diǎn)：
The disadvantages:
(1)由于空氣具有可壓縮性，因此工作速度穩(wěn)定性稍差。但采用氣液聯(lián)動(dòng)裝置會(huì)得到較滿意的效果。
(1)Because of the compressibility of the air, the working speed is slightly worse. But the use of gas-liquid linkage will get satisfactory results.
(2)因工作壓力低（一般為0.31.0MPa），又因結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸不宜過(guò)大，總輸出力不宜大于10～40kN。
(2)Due to low working pressure (generally 0.31.0MPa), and the size of the structure should not be too large, the total output power should not be greater than 10 ~ 40kN.
(3)噪聲較大，在高速排氣時(shí)要加消聲器。
(3)The noise is large, and mufflers should be added at high speed.
(4)氣動(dòng)裝置中的氣信號(hào)傳遞速度在聲速以內(nèi)比電子及光速慢，因此，氣動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)不宜用于元件級(jí)數(shù)過(guò)多的復(fù)雜回路。
(4)The gas signal transmission speed in the pneumatic device is slower than the speed of electrons and light within the speed of sound. Therefore, the pneumatic control system should not be used in the complex circuit with too much element series.

3.電動(dòng)執(zhí)行器
3.Electric actuator

優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
The advantages:
(1)取用能源方便容易、傳輸信號(hào)速度快、信號(hào)傳輸距離遠(yuǎn)、以便于集中操作控制。
(1)Energy consumption is easy and convenient, and the speed of signal transmission is fast, and the distance of signal transmission is far away, so as to facilitate centralized operation and control.
(2)度、靈敏度相對(duì)較高，與其他電動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)儀表配合方便易操作，接線安裝簡(jiǎn)單。
(2)The accuracy and sensitivity are relatively high. It is convenient and easy to operate with other electric regulating instruments, and the wiring and installation are simple.
(3)使用效果證明，電動(dòng)執(zhí)行器抗偏離能力很好，所輸出的力矩或推力基本恒定，能做到很好的克服介質(zhì)的不平衡力，確保達(dá)到相關(guān)工藝參數(shù)的控制，因此該產(chǎn)品控制精度相比氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器要稍高一些。
(3)The use effect proves that the electric actuator has a good anti deviation ability and the output torque or thrust is basically constant. It can overcome the imbalance force of the medium well and ensure the precise control of the related process parameters. Therefore, the control precision of the product is slightly higher than the pneumatic actuator.
(4)若配備伺服放大器，能夠輕易實(shí)現(xiàn)正、反作用的互換，亦可輕松設(shè)定信號(hào)閥位狀態(tài)，如在出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)，一定是停留在原位，這種能力是氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器產(chǎn)品所無(wú)法達(dá)到的，因?yàn)闅鈩?dòng)執(zhí)行器須借助于配備組合保護(hù)系統(tǒng)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)保位功能。
(4)If equipped with a servo amplifier, it can easily achieve positive and reverse interchangeability, and it can also easily set the state of signal valve position, If a fault occurs,, it must stay in situ, this ability is not achieved by the pneumatic actuator products, because the pneumatic actuator is required to be equipped with a combination protection system to protect the position. Function.
缺點(diǎn)：
The disadvantages:
(1)僅適用于防爆要求不高，氣源缺乏的場(chǎng)所。結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)復(fù)雜，推力小，平均故障率比氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)較高，而由于結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜性的問(wèn)題，對(duì)于現(xiàn)場(chǎng)維護(hù)人員的技術(shù)要求也相對(duì)較高。
(1)It is only applicable to places where explosion-proof is not high and gas sources are scarce.the structure is relatively complex, the thrust is small, the average fault rate is higher than the pneumatic actuator, and the technical requirements of the field maintenance personnel are relatively high due to the complexity of the structure.
(2)電機(jī)運(yùn)行會(huì)產(chǎn)生熱量，調(diào)節(jié)頻率大的話，易造成電機(jī)過(guò)熱，也增加了減速齒輪的磨損。
(2)The motor will generate heat when running. If the adjustment frequency is large, it will cause overheating of the motor and increase the wear of the reduction gear.
(3)還有運(yùn)行較慢，從調(diào)節(jié)器輸出信號(hào)開(kāi)始，到調(diào)節(jié)閥響應(yīng)而運(yùn)動(dòng)至位置，往往耗時(shí)較多，以上是較之氣動(dòng)或液動(dòng)執(zhí)行器所表現(xiàn)不足的地方。
(3)The operation is slow, from the output signal of the regulator to the response of the regulator to the specified position, which is often more time-consuming, and the above is a place where the pneumatic or hydraulic actuator is insufficient.

三種執(zhí)行器的對(duì)比

Comparison of executive agencies

①氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器
①pneumatic actuator
執(zhí)行器和調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)是統(tǒng)一的整體，執(zhí)行器有薄膜式和活塞式兩類。活塞式行程長(zhǎng)，適用于要求有較大推力的場(chǎng)合；而薄膜式行程較小，只能直接帶動(dòng)閥桿。由于氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，輸出推力大，動(dòng)作平穩(wěn)可靠，并且安全防爆等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，在化工，煉油等對(duì)安全要求較高的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中有廣泛的應(yīng)用。
 Actuators and regulators are a unified entity. Actuators have two types: diaphragm and piston.The piston stroke is long and is suitable for applications where there is a need for high thrust; while the film-type stroke is small and can only directly actuate the valve stem.Because the pneumatic actuator has the advantages of simple structure, large output thrust, stable and reliable operation, safety and explosion proof, etc., it is widely used in the chemical industry, oil refining and other high-security production processes.
②液動(dòng)執(zhí)行器
②Hydraulic actuator
推力大，現(xiàn)在一般都是機(jī)電一體化的，但比較笨重，所以現(xiàn)在很少使用，比如三峽的船閥用的就是液動(dòng)執(zhí)行器。
Thrust is the largest, but now it is generally electromechanical integration, but it is cumbersome, so it is rarely used now, for example, the Three Gorges ship valve uses hydraulic actuator.
③電動(dòng)執(zhí)行器
③Electric actuator
安全防爆性能差，電機(jī)動(dòng)作不夠迅速，且在行程受阻或閥桿被扎住時(shí)電機(jī)容易受損。盡管近年來(lái)電動(dòng)執(zhí)行器在不斷改進(jìn)并有擴(kuò)大應(yīng)用的趨勢(shì)，但從總體上看不及氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器應(yīng)用得普遍。
The safety and explosion-proof performance is poor, the motor is not fast enough, and the motor is easily damaged when the stroke is blocked or the stem is tied.Although electric actuators have been continuously improved in recent years and there is a tendency to expand applications,they are generally not as widely applied as pneumatic actuators.

執(zhí)行器的選擇
Choice of executive agencies

主要考慮因素
Main considerations

①可靠性；

① reliability;
②經(jīng)濟(jì)性；

② economy;

③動(dòng)作平穩(wěn)、足夠的輸出力；

③ a stable and sufficient output force;

④重量外觀；

④ the appearance and weight;

⑤結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、維護(hù)方便。

⑤The simple structure and the convenient maintenance  

電動(dòng)執(zhí)行器與氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器的選擇比較
Selection and comparison of electric actuator and pneumatic actuator
 (1)氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器簡(jiǎn)單可靠
 (1)The pneumatic actuator is simple and reliable
老式電動(dòng)執(zhí)行器可靠性差是它過(guò)去的一貫弱點(diǎn)，然而在90年代電子式執(zhí)行器的發(fā)展*解決了這一問(wèn)題，可以在5~10年內(nèi)免維修，它的可靠性甚至超過(guò)了氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器。正由于此，筆者認(rèn)為，它將成為下世紀(jì)調(diào)節(jié)閥的主流。
The poor reliability of the old electric actuator is the weakness in the past. However, in 90s, the development of the electronic actuator completely solved the problem, and it could be avoided in 5~10 years, and its reliability was even more than the pneumatic actuator. Because of this, I believe that it will become the mainstream of regulatory valve in the next century.
 (2)驅(qū)動(dòng)源
 (2)Drive source
氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器的大不足就是需別設(shè)置氣源站，增加了費(fèi)用；電動(dòng)閥的驅(qū)動(dòng)源隨地可取。
The biggest deficiency of pneumatic actuators is is to set up gas source station and increase the cost; the driving source of electric valves is desirable everywhere.
(3)價(jià)格方面
(3)Price
氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器必須附加閥門定位器，再加上氣源，其費(fèi)用與電動(dòng)閥不相上下（進(jìn)口電氣閥門定位器與進(jìn)口電子式執(zhí)行器價(jià)格相當(dāng)；國(guó)產(chǎn)定位器與國(guó)產(chǎn)電動(dòng)執(zhí)行器不相上下）。
Pneumatic actuators must be equipped with a valve positioner and plus gas source, the cost of which is comparable with that of the electric valve (imported electric valve positioner is equivalent to imported electronic actuator; domestic positioner is comparable to domestic electric actuator) .
 (4)推力和剛度兩者相當(dāng)。
 (4)Both thrust and stiffness are comparable.
 (5) 防火防爆
 (5)Fire and explosion protection
氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行器+電氣閥門定位器”略好于電動(dòng)執(zhí)行器。
“Actuator + Electric Valve Positioner" is slightly better than the electric actuator.

推薦意見(jiàn)
Suggestions
 (1) 在可能的情況下，建議選用進(jìn)口電子式執(zhí)行器配國(guó)產(chǎn)閥（如全功能超輕型閥）以用于國(guó)產(chǎn)化場(chǎng)合、新建項(xiàng)目等。
 (1) in the case of possible, it is suggested that imported electronic actuators should be selected with domestic valves (such as full function ultra light valves) for domestic applications and new projects.
(2)薄膜執(zhí)行器雖存在推力不夠、剛度小、尺寸大的缺陷，但其結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，所以，目前仍是使用多的執(zhí)行器。但這里我們強(qiáng)調(diào)的是應(yīng)該選用ZHA、ZHB型的精小型薄膜執(zhí)行器去代替ZMA、ZMB型的老式薄膜執(zhí)行器，以獲得更輕的重量、更小的尺寸和大的輸出力。
(2)Thin film actuator has the defects of insufficient thrust, small stiffness and large size, but its structure is simple, so it is still the most used actuator at present.But we emphasize that it is best to use ZNA, ZHB fine small-film actuators instead of ZMA, ZMB type of old film actuators to get lighter weight, smaller size and large output force.
 (3)活塞執(zhí)行器選擇注意方面：
 (3)Piston actuator selection Note:
①氣動(dòng)薄膜執(zhí)行器推力不夠時(shí)，選用活塞執(zhí)行器來(lái)提高輸出力；對(duì)大壓差的調(diào)節(jié)閥（如中壓蒸汽切斷），當(dāng)DN≥200時(shí)，甚至要選雙層活塞執(zhí)行器；
 ① When the thrust of the pneumatic diaphragm actuator is not enough, the piston actuator is used to increase the output force; for large pressure differential regulators (such as medium pressure steam cutoff), when the DN ≥ 200, even the double piston actuator must be selected;
②對(duì)普通調(diào)節(jié)閥，還可選用活塞執(zhí)行器去代替薄膜執(zhí)行器，使執(zhí)行器的尺寸大大減小，就此觀點(diǎn)而言，氣動(dòng)活塞調(diào)節(jié)閥使用會(huì)更多；
②For ordinary regulating valves, the piston actuator can be used to replace the film actuators, so that the size of the actuator is greatly reduced. In this view, the pneumatic piston regulating valve will be used more.
③對(duì)角行程類調(diào)節(jié)閥，其角行程執(zhí)行器，典型的結(jié)構(gòu)是雙活塞齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)式。
③ For diagonal-type control valves, the angular-stroke actuator is typically a dual-piston rack-and-pinion type.