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IC670GBI102D

機器換人技術進步背后的隱憂
    
  
我國是人口大國，勞動力總量*，就業始終是頭等大事。機器換人，提高了勞動生產率和自動化水平，但這會不會與穩就業產生沖突？技術進步、創新驅動是未來發展方向，但其與就業又是什么樣的關系？

招工難、用工貴，部分企業“機器換人”

——局部地區主要因為招不到人而采用機器代替人工，對就業不會有負面影響

為什么機器換人忽然熱起來？

“招工難、招工貴，只好用機器換人。”——不少企業主表達了這樣的想法。

浙江立馬云山紡織公司，去年購買4臺自動穿孔機，每臺可以代替10個穿孔工人。企業負責人稱，這是被逼出來的辦法。一方面用工成本越來越高，每年都在漲，另一方面想招到熟練的操作工越來越不容易，干脆投入資金買機器，不再年年為招工發愁。

引入機器、減少用工，不僅發生在制造業，也蔓延至服務業。

和合谷快餐，在全國有上百家店。“以前每家店都要有2—3名洗碗工，現在一個月2000元也招不到固定的洗碗工，用小時工又很不穩定，所以后來大多配備洗碗機，一次性解決問題。”其北京公司的負責同志表示。

“近期東部沿海地區出現機器換人的現象，多數是在用工壓力下采取的應對措施。”*勞動科學研究所鄭東亮所長說。

鄭東亮表示，“機器換人”是一種通俗的說法，主要是指技術進步和設備升級的過程中減少勞動力的使用。這種狀況其實一直在持續，特別是在制造業領域，伴隨著新技術新設備的廣泛應用、生產自動化水平的提高，各行各業單位產值所使用的勞動力數量始終是在下降的。只不過這一過程在多數時間內是漸進的，不會引起特別關注。

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